89 research outputs found
Investigation of Synapto-dendritic Kernel Adapting Neuron models and their use in spiking neuromorphic architectures
The motivation for this thesis is idea that abstract, adaptive, hardware efficient, inter-neuronal transfer functions (or kernels) which carry information in the form of postsynaptic membrane potentials, are the most important (and erstwhile missing) element in neuromorphic implementations of Spiking Neural Networks (SNN). In the absence of such abstract kernels, spiking neuromorphic systems must realize very large numbers of synapses and their associated connectivity. The resultant hardware and bandwidth limitations create difficult tradeoffs which diminish the usefulness of such systems.
In this thesis a novel model of spiking neurons is proposed. The proposed Synapto-dendritic Kernel Adapting Neuron (SKAN) uses the adaptation of their synapto-dendritic kernels in conjunction with an adaptive threshold to perform unsupervised learning and inference on spatio-temporal spike patterns. The hardware and connectivity requirements of the neuron model are minimized through the use of simple accumulator-based kernels as well as through the use of timing information to perform a winner take all operation between the neurons. The learning and inference operations of SKAN are characterized and shown to be robust across a range of noise environments.
Next, the SKAN model is augmented with a simplified hardware-efficient model of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP). In biology STDP is the mechanism which allows neurons to learn spatio-temporal spike patterns. However when the proposed SKAN model is augmented with a simplified STDP rule, where the synaptic kernel is used as a binary flag that enable synaptic potentiation, the result is a synaptic encoding of afferent Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). In this combined model the neuron not only learns the target spatio-temporal spike patterns but also weighs each channel independently according to its signal to noise ratio. Additionally a novel approach is presented to achieving homeostatic plasticity in digital hardware which reduces hardware cost by eliminating the need for multipliers.
Finally the behavior and potential utility of this combined model is investigated in a range of noise conditions and the digital hardware resource utilization of SKAN and SKAN + STDP is detailed using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA)
High speed event-based visual processing in the presence of noise
Standard machine vision approaches are challenged in applications where large amounts of noisy temporal data must be processed in real-time. This work aims to develop neuromorphic event-based processing systems for such challenging, high-noise environments. The novel event-based application-focused algorithms developed are primarily designed for implementation in digital neuromorphic hardware with a focus on noise robustness, ease of implementation, operationally useful ancillary signals and processing speed in embedded systems
Reliability and Cost Model of P.M. in A Component of an Electrical Distribution System Considering Ageing Mechanism
Application of Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) in a system results in a decrease in component failure rates and as such improvement in the system reliability. One of the major subjects of the RCM is focused on the Online and Offline Preventive Maintenance (OPM and FPM which together will be denoted by OFPM) of the components which repairing the component needs or doesn’t need to stop the mission carrying out by it. The RCM is classified as a preventive maintenance policy and has significant contribution in practical applications. However, little research has been devoted to modeling the online and offline Preventive Maintenance. This research assumes that the component failure rate will be improved if the OFPM is performed for a long period of time as a part of an RCM program. Application of an OFPM program could cause the component set at least to “as bad as old state but cannot reach the “as good as new” state. The emphasis of this research is to model the OFPM for critical components or any equipment with critical failure in a system. The proposed model is based on the concept of PM and improvement factor of reliability in a system with critical components which their failure could cause a failure in the system (first-order cut- sets).DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i2.551
An optimised deep spiking neural network architecture without gradients
We present an end-to-end trainable modular event-driven neural architecture
that uses local synaptic and threshold adaptation rules to perform
transformations between arbitrary spatio-temporal spike patterns. The
architecture represents a highly abstracted model of existing Spiking Neural
Network (SNN) architectures. The proposed Optimized Deep Event-driven Spiking
neural network Architecture (ODESA) can simultaneously learn hierarchical
spatio-temporal features at multiple arbitrary time scales. ODESA performs
online learning without the use of error back-propagation or the calculation of
gradients. Through the use of simple local adaptive selection thresholds at
each node, the network rapidly learns to appropriately allocate its neuronal
resources at each layer for any given problem without using a real-valued error
measure. These adaptive selection thresholds are the central feature of ODESA,
ensuring network stability and remarkable robustness to noise as well as to the
selection of initial system parameters. Network activations are inherently
sparse due to a hard Winner-Take-All (WTA) constraint at each layer. We
evaluate the architecture on existing spatio-temporal datasets, including the
spike-encoded IRIS and TIDIGITS datasets, as well as a novel set of tasks based
on International Morse Code that we created. These tests demonstrate the
hierarchical spatio-temporal learning capabilities of ODESA. Through these
tests, we demonstrate ODESA can optimally solve practical and highly
challenging hierarchical spatio-temporal learning tasks with the minimum
possible number of computing nodes.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figure
Bulk-boundary and RPS Thermodynamics from Topology perspective
In this article, we investigate the bulk-boundary and restricted phase space
(RPS) thermodynamics of Rissner-Nordstr\"om (R-N) AdS and 6-dimensional charged
Gauss-Bonnet AdS black holes. Also, we examine the topological characteristics
of the considered black holes and compare them with the extended thermodynamics
results. In fact, we have found that the topological behavior of the
bulk-boundary thermodynamics is the same as that of the extended
thermodynamics, whereas the RPS thermodynamics exhibits a distinct behavior. We
also demonstrate that within the RPS formalism, there is only one critical
point with a topological charge of +1 . Additionally, for RPS
formalism, the inclusion of higher derivative curvature terms in the form of
Gauss-Bonnet gravity does not alter the topological classification of critical
points in charged AdS black holes.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, 1 Tabl
Bardeen Black Hole Thermodynamics from Topological Perspective
In this paper, we use the generalized off-shell Helmholtz free energy method
to explore the thermodynamic properties of Bardeen black holes (BD BHs) from a
topological perspective based on Duan's topological current -mapping. We
consider various structures of BD BHs, including regular BD-AdS BHs, BD-AdS BHs
in Kiselev's model of quintessence, BD BHs in massive gravity (MG), and BD BHs
in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity. We demonstrate that these BHs have
one topological classification (TC), i.e., TC is +1 for all BHs considered, and
the addition of MG or GB terms, etc., does not change the topological numbers.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication in the Annals
of Physic
Thermodynamic topology and photon spheres in the Hyperscaling violation black hole
It was shown that a standard ring of light can be imagined outside the event
horizon for stationary rotating four-dimensional black holes with axial
symmetry using the topological method. Based on this concept, in this paper, we
investigate the topological charge and the conditions of existence of the
photon sphere (PS) for a hyperscaling violation (HSV) black hole with various
values of the parameters of this model. Then, after carrying out a detailed
analysis, we show the conventional topological classes viz for the
mentioned black hole and for the naked singularities. Also, we propose a
new topological class for naked singularities () with respect to .
Then, we will use two different methods, namely the temperature (Duan's
topological current -mapping theory) and the generalized Helmholtz free
energy method, to study the topological classes of our black hole. By
considering the black hole mentioned, we discuss the critical and zero points
(topological charges and topological numbers) for different parameters of
hyperscaling violating black holes, such as () and other free
parameters, and study their thermodynamic topology. We observe that for a given
value of the parameters , , and other free parameters, there exist
two total topological charges for the method and two total
topological numbers for the generalized Helmholtz free energy method.
Additionally, we summarize the results for each study as photon sphere,
temperature, and generalized Helmholtz free energy in some figures and tables.
Finally, we compare our findings with other related studies in the literature.Comment: 38 pages, 21 figures and 13 table
An optimized multi-layer spiking neural network implementation in FPGA without multipliers
This paper presents an expansion and evaluation of the hardware architecture for the Optimized Deep Event-driven Spiking Neural Network Architecture (ODESA). ODESA is a state-of-the-art, event-driven multi-layer Spiking Neural Network (SNN) architecture that offers an end-to-end, online, and local supervised training method. In previous work, ODESA was successfully implemented on Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) hardware, showcasing its effectiveness in resource-constrained hardware environments. Building upon the previous implementation, this research focuses on optimizing the ODESA network hardware by introducing a novel approach. Specifically, we propose substituting the dot product multipliers in the Neurons with a low-cost shift-register design. This optimization strategy significantly reduces the hardware resources required for implementing a neuron, thereby enabling more complex SNNs to be accommodated within a single FPGA. Additionally, this optimization results in a reduction in power consumption, further enhancing the practicality and efficiency of the hardware implementation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization, extensive experiments and measurements were conducted. The results demonstrate the successful reduction in hardware resource utilization while maintaining the network's functionality and performance. Moreover, the power consumption reduction contributes to the overall energy efficiency of the hardware implementation
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